Allen, M., & Preiss, R. W. (1997). Comparing the persuasiveness of narrative and statistical evidence using meta-analysis. Communication Research Reports, 14, 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824099709388654.
Article
Google Scholar
Bakker, M. H., Kerstholt, J. H., van Bommel, M., & Giebels, E. (2019). Decision-making during a crisis: The interplay of narratives and statistical information before and after crisis communication. Journal of Risk Research, 22, 1409–1424. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2018.1473464.
Article
Google Scholar
Betsch, C., Renkewitz, F., & Haase, N. (2013). Effect of narrative reports about vaccine adverse events and bias-awareness disclaimers on vaccine decisions: A simulation of an online patient social network. Medical Decision Making, 33, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X12452342.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borgida, E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1977). The differential impact of abstract vs. concrete information on decisions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 7, 258–271.
Article
Google Scholar
Bower, G. H., & Clark, M. C. (1969). Narrative stories as mediators for serial learning. Psychonomic Science, 14, 181–182. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03332778.
Article
Google Scholar
Bower, G. H., & Morrow, D. G. (1990). Mental models in narrative comprehension. Science, 247, 44–48.
Article
Google Scholar
Brewer, N. T., Chapman, G. B., Rothman, A. J., Leask, J., & Kempe, A. (2017). Increasing vaccination: Putting psychological science into action. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 18, 149–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100618760521.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brewer, W. F., & Lichtenstein, E. H. (1982). Stories are to entertain: A structural-affect theory of stories. Journal of Pragmatics, 6, 473–486.
Article
Google Scholar
Browning, E., & Hohenstein, J. (2015). The use of narrative to promote primary school children’s understanding of evolution. Education, 3–13(43), 530–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2013.837943.
Article
Google Scholar
Bruner, J. (1986). Two modes of thought. In J. Bruner (Ed.), Actual minds, possible worlds (pp. 11–43). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar
Busselle, R., & Bilandzic, H. (2008). Fictionality and perceived realism in experiencing stories: A model of narrative comprehension and engagement. Communication Theory, 18, 255–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00322.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Caulfield, T., Marcon, A. R., Murdoch, B., Brown, J. M., Perrault, S. T., & Hyde-Lay, R. (2019). Health misinformation and the power of narrative messaging in the public sphere. Canadian Journal of Bioethics, 2, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.7202/1060911ar.
Article
Google Scholar
Chan, M.-P. S., Jones, C. R., Hall Jamieson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2017). Debunking: A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation. Psychological Science, 28, 1531–1546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617714579.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chang, C. (2009). “Being hooked” by editorial content: The implications for processing narrative advertising. Journal of Advertising, 38, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367380102.
Article
Google Scholar
Connor Desai, S., & Reimers, S. (2019). Comparing the use of open and closed questions for Web-based measures of the continued-influence effect. Behavior Research Methods, 51, 1426–1440. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1066-z.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dahlstrom, M. F. (2014). Using narratives and storytelling to communicate science with nonexpert audiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 13614–13620. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320645111.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
de Wit, J. B. F., Das, E., & Vet, R. (2008). What works best: Objective statistics or a personal testimonial? An assessment of the persuasive effects of different types of message evidence on risk perception. Health Psychology, 27, 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.110.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dillard, A. J., Ferrer, R. A., & Welch, J. D. (2018). Associations between narrative transportation, risk perception and behaviour intentions following narrative messages about skin cancer. Psychology and Health, 33, 573–593. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1380811.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dove, G., & Jones, S. (2012). Narrative visualization: Sharing insights into complex data. Paper presented at the Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction (IHCI 2012), 21–23 Jul 2012, Lisbon, Portugal. Retrieved from http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/1134/.
Dunlop, S. M., Wakefield, M., & Kashima, Y. (2010). Pathways to persuasion: Cognitive and experiential responses to health-promoting mass media messages. Communication Research, 37, 133–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209351912.
Article
Google Scholar
Ecker, U. K. H., & Antonio, L. M. (2020). Can you believe it? An investigation into the impact of retraction source credibility on the continued influence effect. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qt4w8
Ecker, U. K. H., Hogan, J. L., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017). Reminders and repetition of misinformation: Helping or hindering its retraction? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.01.014.
Article
Google Scholar
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Jayawardana, K., & Mladenovic, A. (2019). Refutations of equivocal claims: No evidence for an ironic effect of counterargument number. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8, 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.07.005.
Article
Google Scholar
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Swire, B., & Chang, D. (2011). Correcting false information in memory: Manipulating the strength of misinformation encoding and its retraction. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 570–578. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-011-0065-1.
Article
Google Scholar
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Tang, D. T. W. (2010). Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & Cognition, 38, 1087–1100. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.8.1087.
Article
Google Scholar
Ecker, U. K. H., O’Reilly, Z., Reid, J. S., & Chang, E. P. (2020a). The effectiveness of short-format refutational fact-checks. British Journal of Psychology, 111, 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12383.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ecker, U. K. H., Sze, B., & Andreotta, M. (2020). Corrections of political misinformation: No evidence for an effect of partisan worldview. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/bszm4
Escalas, J. E. (2007). Self-referencing and persuasion: Narrative transportation versus analytical elaboration. Journal of Consumer Research, 33, 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1086/510216.
Article
Google Scholar
Fagerlin, A., Wang, C., & Ubel, P. A. (2005). Reducing the influence of anecdotal reasoning on people’s health care decisions: Is a picture worth a thousand statistics? Medical Decision Making, 25, 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X05278931.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Freling, T. H., Yang, Z., Saini, R., Itani, O. S., & Abualsamh, R. R. (2020). When poignant stories outweigh cold hard facts: A meta-analysis of the anecdotal bias. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 160, 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.01.006.
Article
Google Scholar
Gallup. (2018). Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/poll/238328/snapshot-few-americans-vegetarian-vegan.aspx.
Golke, S., Hagen, R., & Wittwer, J. (2019). Lost in narrative? The effect of informative narratives on text comprehension and metacomprehension accuracy. Learning and Instruction, 60, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.11.003.
Article
Google Scholar
Gordon, A., Brooks, J. C. W., Quadflieg, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017). Exploring the neural substrates of misinformation processing. Neuropsychologia, 106, 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.003.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gordon, A., Quadflieg, S., Brooks, J. C. W., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2019). Keeping track of ‘alternative facts’: The neural correlates of processing misinformation corrections. NeuroImage, 193, 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.014.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Graesser, A. C., Hauft-Smith, K., Cohen, A. D., & Pyles, L. D. (1980). Advanced outlines, familiarity, and text genre on retention of prose. Journal of Experimental Education, 48, 281–290.
Article
Google Scholar
Graesser, A. C., & McNamara, D. S. (2011). Computational analyses of multilevel discourse comprehension. Topics in Cognitive Science, 3, 371–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01081.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 701–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greene, K., & Brinn, L. S. (2003). Messages influencing college women’s tanning bed use: Statistical versus narrative evidence format and a self-assessment to increase perceived susceptibility. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 443–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/713852118.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guillory, J. J., & Geraci, L. (2013). Correcting erroneous inferences in memory: The role of source credibility. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.10.001.
Article
Google Scholar
Haase, N., Betsch, C., & Renkewitz, F. (2015). Source credibility and the biasing effect of narrative information on the perception of vaccination risks. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 920–929. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1018605.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hamby, A., Brinberg, D., & Jaccard, J. (2018). A conceptual framework of narrative persuasion. Journal of Media Psychology, 30, 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000187.
Article
Google Scholar
Haslam, N., & Levy, S. R. (2006). Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality: Structure and implications for prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205276516.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hoaglin, D. C., & Iglewicz, B. (1987). Fine tuning some resistant rules for outlier labeling. Journal of American Statistical Association, 82, 1147–1149.
Article
Google Scholar
Hodson, G., & Earle, M. (2018). Conservatism predicts lapses from vegetarian/vegan diets to meat consumption (through lower social justice concerns and social support). Appetite, 120, 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.027.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1994). Sources of the continued influence effect: When misinformation in memory affects later inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1420–1436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.6.1420.
Article
Google Scholar
Kendeou, P., Walsh, E. K., Smith, E. R., & O’Brien, E. J. (2014). Knowledge revision processes in refutation texts. Discourse Processes, 51, 374–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2014.913961.
Article
Google Scholar
Kim, E., Ratneshwar, S., & Thorson, E. (2017). Why narrative ads work: An integrated process explanation. Journal of Advertising, 46, 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2016.1268984.
Article
Google Scholar
Klassen, S. (2010). The relation of story structure to a model of conceptual change in science learning. Science & Education, 19, 305–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-009-9212-8.
Article
Google Scholar
Krakow, M. M., Yale, R. N., Jensen, J. D., Carcioppolo, N., & Ratcliff, C. L. (2018). Comparing mediational pathways for narrative- and argument-based messages: Believability, counterarguing, and emotional reaction. Human Communication Research, 44, 299–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqy002.
Article
Google Scholar
Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., et al. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359, 1094–1096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998.
Article
Google Scholar
Lee, E., & Leets, L. (2002). Persuasive storytelling by hate groups online: Examining its effects on adolescents. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 927–957. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764202045006003.
Article
Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Ecker, U. K. H., Albarracín, D., Amazeen, M. A., Kendeou, P., et al. (2020). The Debunking Handbook 2020. Available at https://sks.to/db2020. https://doi.org/10.17910/b7.1182
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6, 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008.
Article
Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13, 106–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mar, R. A., & Oatley, K. (2008). The function of fiction is the abstraction and simulation of social experience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 173–192.
Article
Google Scholar
Marsh, E. J., Butler, A. C., & Umanath, S. (2012). Using fictional sources in the classroom: Applications from cognitive psychology. Educational Psychology Review, 24, 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-012-9204-0.
Article
Google Scholar
McLeod, A. C., Crawford, I., & Zechmeister, J. (1999). Heterosexual undergraduates’ attitudes toward gay fathers and their children. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 11, 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v11n01_03.
Article
Google Scholar
Mheidly, N., & Fares, J. (2020). Leveraging media and health communication strategies to overcome the COVID-19 infodemic. Journal of Public Health Policy. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00247-w.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Morey, R. D. (2008). Confidence intervals from normalized data: A correction to Cousineau (2005). Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 4, 61–64. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.04.2.p061.
Article
Google Scholar
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32, 303–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2.
Article
Google Scholar
Paynter, J., Luskin-Saxby, S., Keen, D., Fordyce, K., Frost, G., Imms, C., et al. (2019). Evaluation of a template for countering misinformation—Real-world Autism treatment myth debunking. PLoS ONE, 14, e0210746. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210746.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006.
Article
Google Scholar
Pennington, N., & Hastie, R. (1988). Explanation-based decision making: Effects of memory structure on judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 521–533.
Article
Google Scholar
Rapp, D. N., & Salovich, N. A. (2018). Can’t we just disregard fake news? The consequences of exposure to inaccurate information. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732218785193.
Article
Google Scholar
Ratcliff, C. L., & Sun, Y. (2020). Overcoming resistance through narratives: Findings from a meta-analytic review. Human Communication Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqz017.
Article
Google Scholar
Reinhart, A. M. (2006). Comparing the persuasive effects of narrative versus statistical messages: A meta-analytic review. Buffalo, NY State University of New York at Buffalo. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/304937594
Rich, P. R., & Zaragoza, M. S. (2016). The continued influence of implied and explicitly stated misinformation in news reports. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42, 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000155.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Romero, F., Paris, S. G., & Brem, S. K. (2005). Children’s comprehension and local-to-global recall of narrative and expository texts. Current Issues in Education, 8, 1–20.
Google Scholar
Sangalang, A., Ophir, Y., & Cappella, J. N. (2019). The potential for narrative correctives to combat misinformation. Journal of Communication, 69, 298–319. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz014.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shaffer, V. A., Focella, E. S., Hathaway, A., Scherer, L. D., & Zikmund-Fisher, B. J. (2018). On the usefulness of narratives: An interdisciplinary review and theoretical model. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 52, 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kax008.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shelby, A., & Ernst, K. (2013). Story and science: How providers and parents can utilize storytelling to combat anti-vaccine misinformation. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 9, 1795–1801. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.24828.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shen, F., Ahern, L., & Baker, M. (2014). Stories that count: Influence of news narratives on issue attitudes. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91, 98–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699013514414.
Article
Google Scholar
Shen, F., Sheer, V. C., & Li, R. (2015). Impact of narratives on persuasion in health communication: A meta-analysis. Journal of Advertising, 44, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2015.1018467.
Article
Google Scholar
Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (1996). Value-affirmative and value-protective processing of alcohol education messages that include statistical evidence or anecdotes. Communication Research, 23, 210–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365096023002003.
Article
Google Scholar
Southwell, B. G., & Thorson, E. A. (2015). The prevalence, consequence, and remedy of misinformation in mass media systems. Journal of Communication, 65, 589–595. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12168.
Article
Google Scholar
Swire, B., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017). The role of familiarity in correcting inaccurate information. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43, 1948–1961. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000422.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Swire-Thompson, B., Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Berinsky, A. (2020). They might be a liar but they’re my liar: Source evaluation and the prevalence of misinformation. Political Psychology, 41, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12586.
Article
Google Scholar
Terrizzi, J. A., Jr., Shook, N. J., & Ventis, W. L. (2010). Disgust: A predictor of social conservatism and prejudicial attitudes toward homosexuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 587–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.024.
Article
Google Scholar
Thorson, E. (2016). Belief echoes: The persistent effects of corrected misinformation. Political Communication, 33, 460–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187.
Article
Google Scholar
van Krieken, K., & Sanders, J. (2019). What is narrative journalism? A systematic review and an empirical agenda. Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919862056.
Article
Google Scholar
Vargo, C. J., Guo, L., & Amazeen, M. A. (2018). The agenda-setting power of fake news: A big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to 2016. New Media and Society, 20, 2028–2049. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817712086.
Article
Google Scholar
Vraga, E. K., Bode, L., & Tully, M. (2020). Creating news literacy messages to enhance expert corrections of misinformation on Twitter. Communication Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219898094.
Article
Google Scholar
Wagenmakers, E.-J., Love, J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., et al. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part II: Example applications with JASP. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 58–76. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1323-7.
Article
Google Scholar
Walter, N., & Tukachinsky, R. (2020). A meta-analytic examination of the continued influence of misinformation in the face of correction: How powerful is it, why does it happen, and how to stop it? Communication Research, 47, 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219854600.
Article
Google Scholar
Wolfe, M. B. W., & Mienko, J. A. (2007). Learning and memory of factual content from narrative and expository text. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 541–564. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709906X143902.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wolfe, M. B. W., & Woodwyk, J. M. (2010). Processing and memory of information presented in narrative or expository texts. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 341–362. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709910X485700.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wood, T., & Porter, E. (2019). The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes’ steadfast factual adherence. Political Behavior, 41, 135–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y.
Article
Google Scholar
Zabrucky, K. M., & Moore, D. (1999). Influence of text genre on adults’ monitoring of understanding and recall. Educational Gerontology, 25, 691–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/036012799267440.
Article
Google Scholar
Zebregs, S., van den Putte, B., de Graaf, A., Lammers, J., & Neijens, P. (2015a). The effects of narrative versus non-narrative information in school health education about alcohol drinking for low educated adolescents. BMC Public Health, 15, 1085. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2425-7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zebregs, S., van den Putte, B., Neijens, P., & de Graaf, A. (2015b). The differential impact of statistical and narrative evidence on beliefs, attitude, and intention: A meta-analysis. Health Communication, 30, 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.842528.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar