Alogna, V. K., Attaya, M. K., Aucoin, P., Bahník, Š, Birch, S., Birt, A. R., Bornstein, B. H., Bouwmeester, S., Brandimonte, M. A., Brown, C., Buswell, K., Carlson, C., Carlson, M., Chu, S., Cislak, A., Colarusso, M., Colloff, M. F., Dellapaolera, K. S., Delvenne, J.-F., & Zwaan, R. A. (2014). Registered Replication Report: Schooler and Engstler-Schooler (1990). Perspectives on Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614545653
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anastasi, J. S., & Rhodes, M. G. (2006). Evidence for an own-age bias in face recognition. North American Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 237–252.
Google Scholar
Anwyl-Irvine, A. L., Massonnié, J., Flitton, A., Kirkham, N., & Evershed, J. K. (2020). Gorilla in our midst: An online behavioral experiment builder. Behavior Research Methods, 52(1), 388–407. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01237-x
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brewer, N., Caon, A., Todd, C., & Weber, N. (2006). Eyewitness identification accuracy and response latency. Law and Human Behavior, 30(1), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-006-9002-7
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brewer, N., & Wells, G. (2006). The Confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identification: Effects of lineup instructions, foil similarity, and target-absent base rates. Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied, 12, 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.12.1.11
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brown, C., & Lloyd-Jones, T. (2002). Verbal overshadowing in a multiple face presentation paradigm: Effects of description instruction. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 873–885. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.919
Article
Google Scholar
Brown, C., & Lloyd-Jones, T. J. (2003). Verbal overshadowing of multiple face and car recognition: Effects of within- versus across-category verbal descriptions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(2), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.861
Article
Google Scholar
Chang, C.-H., Nemrodov, D., Drobotenko, N., Nestor, A., & Lee, A. C. H. (2019). Image reconstruction reveals the impact of aging on face perception. BioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.20.883215
Article
Google Scholar
Clare, J., & Lewandowsky, S. (2004). Verbalizing facial memory: Criterion effects in verbal overshadowing. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 739–755. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.30.4.739
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Colloff, M., Wade, K., Wixted, J., & Maylor, E. (2017). A signal-detection analysis of eyewitness identification across the adult lifespan. Psychology and Aging. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000168
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cronin, S. L., Craig, B. M., & Lipp, O. V. (2020). Stable middle-aged face recognition: No moderation of the own-age bias across contexts. British Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12481
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daniel, S., & Bentin, S. (2012). Age-related changes in processing faces from detection to identification: ERP evidence. Neurobiology of Aging, 33(1), 206.e1-206.e28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.001
Article
Google Scholar
DeBruine, L., & Jones, B. (2017). Face research lab london set. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5047666.v5
Dodson, C. S., & Dobolyi, D. G. (2016). Confidence and eyewitness identifications: The cross-race effect, decision time and accuracy. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(1), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3178
Article
Google Scholar
Dunning, D., & Perretta, S. (2002). Automaticity and eyewitness accuracy: A 10- to 12-second rule for distinguishing accurate from inaccurate positive identifications. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 951–962. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.5.951
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fallshore, M., & Schooler, J. W. (1995). Verbal vulnerability of perceptual expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(6), 1608–1623. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.21.6.1608
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Foos, P. W., & Sarno, A. J. (1998). Adult age differences in semantic and episodic memory. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 159(3), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221329809596153
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gao, L., Xu, J., Zhang, B., Zhao, L., Harel, A., & Bentin, S. (2009). Aging effects on early-stage face perception: An ERP study. Psychophysiology, 46(5), 970–983. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00853.x
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grabman, J. H., Dobolyi, D. G., Berelovich, N. L., & Dodson, C. S. (2019). Predicting high confidence errors in eyewitness memory: The role of face recognition ability, decision-time, and justifications. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8(2), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.02.002
Article
Google Scholar
Gronlund, S. D., Wixted, J. T., & Mickes, L. (2014). Evaluating eyewitness identification procedures using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413498891
Article
Google Scholar
Hartshorne, J. K., & Germine, L. T. (2015). When does cognitive functioning peak? The asynchronous rise and fall of different cognitive abilities across the lifespan. Psychological Science, 26(4), 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614567339
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hatano, A., Ueno, T., Kitagami, S., & Kawaguchi, J. (2015). Why verbalization of non-verbal memory reduces recognition accuracy: A computational approach to verbal overshadowing. PLoS One, 10(6), e0127618. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127618
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hedden, T., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2004). Insights into the ageing mind: A view from cognitive neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(2), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1323
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Juslin, P., Olsson, N., & Winman, A. (1996). Calibration and diagnosticity of confidence in eyewitness identification: Comments on what can be inferred from the low confidence–accuracy correlation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(5), 1304–1316. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.22.5.1304
Article
Google Scholar
Kausler, D. H. (1991). Experimental psychology, cognition, and human aging (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag.
Book
Google Scholar
Kinlen, T. J., Adams-Price, C. E., & Henley, T. B. (2007). Verbal overshadowing and face recognition in young and old adults. Educational Gerontology, 33(11), 969–979. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270701632040
Article
Google Scholar
Koen, J., & Yonelinas, A. (2014). The effects of healthy aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and alzheimer’s disease on recollection and familiarity: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-014-9266-5
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Long, L., & Shaw, R. (2000). Adult age differences in vocabulary acquisition. Educational Gerontology. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270050200644
Article
Google Scholar
Ma, D. S., Correll, J., & Wittenbrink, B. (2015). The Chicago face database: A free stimulus set of faces and norming data. Behavior Research Methods, 47(4), 1122–1135. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0532-5
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maurer, D., Grand, R. L., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01903-4
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the verbal overshadowing effect in face identification. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15(6), 603–616. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.728
Article
Google Scholar
Meissner, C. A., Brigham, J. C., & Kelly, C. M. (2001). The influence of retrieval processes in verbal overshadowing. Memory & Cognition, 29, 176–186.
Article
Google Scholar
Melcher, J. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2004). Perceptual and conceptual training mediate the verbal overshadowing effect in an unfamiliar domain. Memory & Cognition, 32(4), 618–631. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195853
Article
Google Scholar
Memon, A., & Bartlett, J. (2002). The effects of verbalization on face recognition in young and older adults. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16(6), 635–650. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.820
Article
Google Scholar
Metropolitan Police (2018). Guidance documents for making witness statements after arrests or witnessing an incident. Metropolitan Police, downloaded 12/01/2021 from https://www.met.police.uk/SysSiteAssets/foi-media/metropolitan-police/disclosure_2018/july_2018/information-rights-unit---guidance-documents-for-making-witness-statements-after-arrests-or-witnessing-an-incident
Mickes, L. (2015). Receiver operating characteristic analysis and confidence–accuracy characteristic analysis in investigations of system variables and estimator variables that affect eyewitness memory. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(2), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.01.003
Article
Google Scholar
Mickes, L. (2016). The effects of verbal descriptions on eyewitness memory: Implications for the real-world. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.07.003
Article
Google Scholar
Mickes, L., & Wixted, J. T. (2015). On the applied implications of the “verbal overshadowing effect.” Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(3), 400–403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615576762
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mickes, L., Flowe, H. D., & Wixted, J. T. (2012). Receiver operating characteristic analysis of eyewitness memory: Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of simultaneous versus sequential lineups. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 18(4), 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030609
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mickes, L., Morgan, D., Fuentes Grandon, D., Boogert, S., & Kazanina, N. (2021). Missing interactions to support the claim that sleep benefits cognition? Manuscript submitted for publication.
Mickes, L., Seale-Carlisle, T. M., Chen, X., & Boogert, S. (2022). pyWitness 1.0: A Python eyewitness identification analysis toolkit. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5ruks.
Minear, M., & Park, D. C. (2004). A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 630–633. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206543
Article
Google Scholar
Morgan, D. P., Tamminen, J., Seale-Carlisle, T. M., & Mickes, L. (2019). The impact of sleep on eyewitness identifications. Royal Society Open Science, 6(12), 170501. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170501
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nyberg, L., Maitland, S. B., Rönnlund, M., Bäckman, L., Dixon, R. A., Wahlin, Å., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2003). Selective adult age differences in an age-invariant multifactor model of declarative memory. Psychology and Aging, 18(1), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.1.149
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nyberg, L., & Tulving, E. (1996). Classifying human long-term memory: Evidence from converging dissociations. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 8(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/095414496383130
Article
Google Scholar
Obermeyer, S., Kolling, T., Schaich, A., & Knopf, M. (2012). Differences between old and young adults’ ability to recognize human faces underlie processing of horizontal information. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2012.00003
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Palmer, M. A., Brewer, N., Weber, N., & Nagesh, A. (2013). The confidence-accuracy relationship for eyewitness identification decisions: Effects of exposure duration, retention interval, and divided attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 19(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031602
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Randall, J. L., Tabernik, H. E., Aguilera, A. M., Anastasi, J. S., & Valk, K. V. (2012). Effects of encoding tasks on the own-age face recognition bias. The Journal of General Psychology, 139(2), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2012.657266
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rhodes, M., & Anastasi, J. (2012). The own-age bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 146–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025750
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Robin, X., Turck, N., Hainard, A., Tiberti, N., Lisacek, F., Sanchez, J.-C., & Müller, M. (2011). pROC: An open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics, 12(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-12-77
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rönnlund, M., Nyberg, L., Bäckman, L., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2005). Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study. Psychology and Aging, 20(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.3
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rotello, C. M., Heit, E., & Dubé, C. (2015). When more data steer us wrong: Replications with the wrong dependent measure perpetuate erroneous conclusions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(4), 944–954. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-014-0759-2
Article
Google Scholar
Sauerland, M., & Sporer, S. (2009). Fast and confident: Postdicting eyewitness identification accuracy in a field study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 15, 46–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014560
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schooler, J. W., & Engstler-Schooler, T. Y. (1990). Verbal overshadowing of visual memories: Some things are better left unsaid. Cognitive Psychology, 22(1), 36–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(90)90003-M
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seale-Carlisle, T. M., Colloff, M. F., Flowe, H. D., Wells, W., Wixted, J. T., & Mickes, L. (2019a). Confidence and response time as indicators of eyewitness identification accuracy in the lab and in the real World. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8(4), 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.09.003
Article
Google Scholar
Seale-Carlisle, T. M., & Mickes, L. (2016). US line-ups outperform UK line-ups. Royal Society Open Science, 3(9), 160300. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160300
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Seale-Carlisle, T. M., Wetmore, S. A., Flowe, H. D., & Mickes, L. (2019b). Designing police lineups to maximise memory performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 25, 410–430.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Semmler, C., Dunn, J., Mickes, L., & Wixted, J. T. (2018). The role of estimator variables in eyewitness identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 24(3), 400–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000157
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Slessor, G., Riby, D. M., & Finnerty, A. N. (2013). Age-related differences in processing face configuration: The importance of the eye region. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 68, 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs059
Article
Google Scholar
Smith, S., Lindsay, R., Pryke, S., & Dysart, J. (2001). Postdictors of eyewitness errors: Can false identifications be diagnosed in the cross-race situation? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.153
Article
Google Scholar
Sporer, S. L. (1992). Post-dicting eyewitness accuracy: Confidence, decision-times and person descriptions of choosers and non-choosers. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22(2), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420220205
Article
Google Scholar
Sporer, S. L. (1993). Eyewitness identification accuracy, confidence, and decision times in simultaneous and sequential lineups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.22
Article
Google Scholar
Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 46(2), 225–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749308401045
Article
Google Scholar
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/430).
Utrecht ECVP database (2008) downloaded 14/11/2019 from http://pics.psych.stir.ac.uk/2D_face_sets.htm
Weber, N., Brewer, N., Wells, G., Semmler, C., & Keast, A. (2004). Eyewitness identification accuracy and response latency: The unruly 10–12-second rule. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 10, 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.10.3.139
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wells, G. L., Kovera, M. B., Douglass, A. B., Brewer, N., Meissner, C. A., & Wixted, J. T. (2020). Policy and procedure recommendations for the collection and preservation of eyewitness identification evidence. Law and Human Behavior, 44(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000359
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilson, B. M., Seale-Carlisle, T. M., & Mickes, L. (2018). The effects of verbal descriptions on performance in lineups and showups. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(1), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000354
Article
Google Scholar
Witt, J. K., Taylor, J. E. T., Sugovic, M., & Wixted, J. T. (2015). Signal detection measures cannot distinguish perceptual biases from response biases. Perception, 44, 289–300.
Article
Google Scholar
Wixted, J. T., Gronlund, S. D., & Mickes, L. (2014). Policy regarding the sequential lineup is not informed by probative value but is informed by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), 17–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413510934
Article
Google Scholar
Wixted, J. T., & Mickes, L. (2014). A signal-detection-based diagnostic-feature-detection model of eyewitness identification. Psychological Review, 121(2), 262–276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035940
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wixted, J. T., & Mickes, L. (2018). Theoretical vs empirical discriminability: The application of ROC methods to eyewitness identification. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 3(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-018-0093-8
Article
Google Scholar
Wixted, J. T., & Stretch, V. (2000). The case against a criterion-shift account of false memory. Psychological Review, 107(2), 368–376.
Article
Google Scholar
Wixted, J. T., Vul, E., Mickes, L., & Wilson, B. M. (2018). Models of lineup memory. Cognitive Psychology, 105, 81–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2018.06.001
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wolff, N., Wiese, H., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2012). Face recognition memory across the adult life span: Event-related potential evidence from the own-age bias. Psychology and Aging, 27(4), 1066–1081.
Article
Google Scholar