From: Musical training, bilingualism, and executive function: working memory and inhibitory control
 |  | Digit span backward | Reading span | Operation span |
---|---|---|---|---|
Musician | Monolingual | 8.74 (2.24) | 39.6 (16.9) | 52.7 (17.7) |
 | Bilingual | 8.11 (2.40) | 37.4 (19.8) | 37.0 (14.3) |
Non-musician | Monolingual | 7.72 (2.93) | 24.8 (14.3) | 26.9 (18.1) |
 | Bilingual | 7.15 (2.26) | 22.3 (10.7) | 45.6 (23.6) |