Fig. 1From: Standard experimental paradigm designs and data exclusion practices in cognitive psychology can inadvertently introduce systematic “shadow” biases in participant samplesFlowchart of how inadvertent systematic sampling biases in typical cognitive psychology studies can be introduced by two sources—typical study designs and data exclusion practices. Critically, these sampling biases can easily go undetected and unacknowledged by the research team, leaving them as “shadow” biases that may inadvertently impact generalizabilityBack to article page