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Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Table 2 Differences in demographic variables among groups (n = 180)

From: Game-based inoculation versus graphic-based inoculation to combat misinformation: a randomized controlled trial

Variable

Game-based inoculation

Graphic-based inoculation

Control group

Difference test

p

Gender

Male

34

35

26

X2 = 3.254

p = .196

Female

26

25

34

Age

21.27 ± 1.84

21.05 ± 1.98

21.23 ± 2.13

F = 0.207

p = .813

Media literacy

3.68 ± 0.46

3.82 ± 0.57

3.80 ± 0.60

F = 1.235

p = .293

Cognitive ability

3.51 ± 1.57

3.08 ± 1.57

3.31 ± 1.53

F = 1.166

p = .314

Region

Urban

36

29

27

X2 = 6.016

p = .416

Countryside

24

31

33

  1. ANOVA reports the mean and standard deviation (M ± SD) of each group of data, and chi-square analysis reports the number of groups (n)
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