Table 5 Percentage of students in each condition who received a score of 4 (i.e., read laterally and drew the correct conclusion about the trustworthiness of the online content) on each problem type at pretest and posttest (N = 230; N_DPI = 136, N_Control = 94)

Photographic evidence

1.5%

(N = 135)

3.2%

(N = 93)

28.7%

(N = 136)

1.1%

(N = 94)

Sourcing evidence

1.5%

(N = 135)

1.1%

(N = 92)

14.2%

(N = 106^a)

1.2%

(N = 84^a)

Clickbait science and medical disinformation

2.2%

(N = 136)

2.2%

(N = 93)

24.3%

(N = 136)

0.0%

(N = 92)

Fake news

2.2%

(N = 135)

2.2%

(N = 93)

43.7%

(N = 135)

1.1%

(N = 92)