Fig. 1

A schematic of the paradigm from Kosovicheva et al., 2023. First published in Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 30, 212–223, 2023 by Springer Nature. a On each trial, participants watched a segment of video footage of a real road scene taken from a front-facing dashboard camera. The video was preceded and followed by a randomly generated noise mask. Following the second mask, participants indicated whether there was a hazard that required an immediate evasive response. After the response, feedback was provided based on response accuracy. b Examples of hazards in the stimulus set shown to participants. Hazards included (but were not limited to) vehicles, pedestrians, and animals. The median hazardousness rating is shown below each image. For least hazardous videos, the hazards are indicated by red circles for illustration. Red circles were not shown in the experiment