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Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
Fig. 1 | Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Fig. 1

From: Standard experimental paradigm designs and data exclusion practices in cognitive psychology can inadvertently introduce systematic “shadow” biases in participant samples

Fig. 1

Flowchart of how inadvertent systematic sampling biases in typical cognitive psychology studies can be introduced by two sources—typical study designs and data exclusion practices. Critically, these sampling biases can easily go undetected and unacknowledged by the research team, leaving them as “shadow” biases that may inadvertently impact generalizability

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