Table 1 Means, standard deviations and correlations between all variables

1. Age

2. Visuospatial Working Memory (Jigsaw Puzzle Test)

− .13^*

3. short Mental Rotations Task

− .07

.43^***

4. short Object Perspective-taking Test

.10

− .34^***

− .38^***

5. Spatial Self-efficacy

− .02

.21^**

.19^**

− .01

6. Attitude toward Orientation Task

.09

.19^**

.29^***

− .17^*

.58^***

7. Sense of Direction and Spatial representation

− .01

.23^***

.29^***

− .17^*

.67^***

.70^***

8. Free recall of landmarks (landmark knowledge)

.03

.17^*

.12

− .19^**

.16^*

.12

.11

9. Egocentric pointing (location-egocentric knowledge)

.01

− .29^***

− .23^***

.30^***

− .21^**

− .19^**

− .24^***

− .16^*

10. Allocentric pointing (location-allocentric knowledge)

.07

− .19^**

− .19^**

.18^**

− .25^***

− .26^***

− .22^***

− .30^***

.20^**

11. Route direction (path-route knowledge)

− .08

.15^*

.14^*

-.09

.06

.21^**

.15^*

.14^*

− .16^*

− .27^***

12. Sketch map (path-survey knowledge)

− .03

.31^***

.27^***

− .22^***

.41^***

.38^***

.43^***

.36^***

− .38^***

− .45^***

.32^***

M

25.48

12.33

5.13

40.69

31.27

39.63

36.84

11.14

61.51

74.85

5.74

SD

6.06

2.63

2.64

36.68

5.41

8.08

7.55

2.98

22.98

30.21

1.16