Humans versus AI: whether and why we prefer human-created compared to AI-created artwork

Bellaiche, Lucas; Shahi, Rohin; Turpin, Martin Harry; Ragnhildstveit, Anya; Sprockett, Shawn; Barr, Nathaniel; Christensen, Alexander; Seli, Paul

doi:10.1186/s41235-023-00499-6

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Table 4. Estimates and associated CIs predicting “Worth” judgements

From: Humans versus AI: whether and why we prefer human-created compared to AI-created artwork

Worth	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Fixed effects [95% CI]
(Intercept)	*2.29* *[2.12, 2.45]*	*0.65* *[0.53, 0.77]*	*0.66* *[0.55, 0.77]*
Label (Human = 1)	*0.52* *[0.43, 0.61]*	− 0.19 [− 0.37, − 0.02]	− 0.21 [− 0.35, − 0.07]
Painting Type (Representational = 1)	*0.35* *[0.18, 0.52]*	− 0.01 [− 0.09, 0.06]	–
Openness	− 0.01 [− 0.03, 0.01]	0.01 [− 0.01, 0.02]	–
Positive AI	0.02 [0.00, 0.03]	0.00 [− 0.01, 0.01]	0.01 [− 0.00, 0.01]
Negative AI	0.01 [− 0.01, 0.03]	0.01 [− 0.00, 0.02]	–
Growth	0.07 [0.02, 0.12]	0.01 [− 0.02, 0.04]	–
Fixed	0.05 [0.01, 0.09]	0.01 [− 0.01, 0.03]	–
Empathy	0.00 [− 0.01, 0.02]	− 0.00 [− 0.01, 0.01]	–
CRT	− 0.08 [− 0.13, − 0.03]	− 0.03 [− 0.06, 0.00]	–
Age	0.00 [− 0.01, 0.01]	− 0.00 [− 0.01, 0.01]	–
Emotion	–	*0.17* *[0.13, 0.21]*	*0.18* *[0.15, 0.20]*
Story	–	*0.14* *[0.11, 0.17]*	*0.12* *[0.10, 0.14]*
Meaningful	–	*0.18* *[0.14 0.23]*	*0.15* *[0.12, 0.18]*
Effort	–	*0.25* *[0.21, 0.29]*	*0.27* *[0.23, 0.31]*
Time (log)	–	*0.04* *[0.02, 0.06]*	*0.05* *[0.03, 0.06]*
Label × Openness	0.01 [− 0.01, 0.03]	− 0.00 [− 0.01, 0.01]	–
Label × Positive AI	− 0.02 [− 0.03, − 0.00]	− 0.01 [− 0.02, − 0.00]	− 0.01 [− 0.02, − 0.00]
Label × Negative AI	− 0.01 [− 0.03, 0.01]	− 0.00 [− 0.01, 0.01]	–
Label × Growth	0.00 [− 0.04, 0.05]	0.00 [− 0.03, 0.02]	–
Label × Fixed	− 0.01 [− 0.04, 0.02]	0.00 [− 0.02, 0.02]	–
Label × Empathy	0.00 [− 0.01, 0.02]	0.00 [− 0.01, 0.01]	–
Label × CRT	− 0.02 [− 0.06, 0.03]	− 0.00 [− 0.03, 0.02]	–
Label × Age	− 0.01 [− 0.01, 0.00]	− 0.00 [− 0.01, 0.00]	–
Label × Emotion	–	0.01 [− 0.04, 0.07]	–
Label × Story	–	− 0.04 [− 0.09, 0.00]	–
Label × Meaningful	–	− 0.06 [− 0.11, 0.00]	–
Label × Effort	–	0.06 [0.00, 0.11]	0.02 [− 0.02, 0.06]
Label × Time (log)	–	0.01 [− 0.01, 0.04]	–
Random effects
Participant (Intercept)	0.47	0.16	0.17
Label (Slope)	0.24	0.10	0.10
Painting (Intercept)	0.05	0.01	0.01
Residual	0.61	0.36	0.36
Model
Marginal	0.16	0.59	0.57
ICC	0.45	0.31	0.32
Conditional	0.54	0.72	0.71
AIC	11,040.92	8711.31	8557.09

Note. CI = confidence interval, Marginal = variance explained by fixed effects, ICC = intraclass correlation or variance explained by random effects, Conditional = variance explained by fixed and random effects, AIC = Akaike Information Criterion. Italicized text = p < 0.05, bolded text = p < 0.001

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