From: Face masks impair facial emotion recognition and induce specific emotion confusions
Mask and displayed emotion | Chosen emotion | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fear | Happiness | Sadness | Anger | Neutral | Surprise | Disgust | Other | Chance | |
No mask | |||||||||
 Fear | 66.95 (26.55) | 0.19 (1.24) | 1.97 (3.98) | 0.37 (2.14) | 0.47 (3.63) | 16.20*** (19.40) | 10.49*** (15.31) | 3.37 (9.87) | 4.72 |
 Happiness | 0.00 (0.00) | 99.44 (2.45) | 0.09 (0.88) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.47 (2.30) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.08 |
 Sadness | 1.78 (4.26) | 0.00 (0.00) | 91.48 (11.51) | 1.03 (3.03) | 1.50 (5.41) | 0.47 (2.30) | 1.69 (5.78) | 2.06 (4.40) | 1.22 |
 Anger | 1.03 (2.76) | 0.00 (0.00) | 3.37 (6.85) | 77.81 (20.95) | 5.24* (7.47) | 1.22 (4.27) | 6.74** (11.09) | 4.59 (10.59) | 3.17 |
 Neutral | 0.37 (1.74) | 0.75 (2.40) | 2.72* (7.19) | 2.25* (4.83) | 92.79 (9.75) | 0.19 (1.77) | 0.28 (1.97) | 0.66 (3.13) | 1.03 |
 Surprise | 3.84** (7.95) | 0.09 (0.88) | 0.19 (1.24) | 0.09 (0.88) | 0.19 (1.77) | 92.32 (10.38) | 2.34* (4.86) | 0.94 (3.19) | 1.10 |
 Disgust | 0.28 (1.97) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 9.93*** (13.41) | 0.19 (1.77) | 0.75 (3.24) | 86.89 (15.84) | 1.97 (6.88) | 1.87 |
With mask | |||||||||
 Fear | 32.68 (21.59) | 0.37 (1.74) | 2.06 (4.40) | 1.87 (4.83) | 1.69 (4.90) | 57.77*** (20.79) | 2.34 (4.35) | 1.22 (3.67) | 9.62 |
 Happiness | 0.09 (0.88) | 89.42 (12.17) | 0.47 (1.93) | 0.56 (2.10) | 6.84*** (9.78) | 0.19 (1.24) | 1.22 (2.96) | 1.22 (3.88) | 1.51 |
 Sadness | 11.14*** (12.31) | 0.47 (1.93) | 59.18 (23.54) | 1.97 (4.53) | 14.98*** (18.85) | 2.90 (6.66) | 3.93 (6.42) | 5.43 (10.74) | 5.83 |
 Anger | 2.06 (5.66) | 0.28 (1.97) | 4.40 (7.86) | 72.38 (20.44) | 5.52 (8.70) | 1.22 (4.27) | 11.61*** (13.57) | 2.53 (5.24) | 3.95 |
 Neutral | 0.84 (2.82) | 0.75 (2.98) | 2.06 (6.32) | 2.90* (6.42) | 90.64 (12.80) | 1.12 (3.37) | 0.56 (2.45) | 1.12 (4.90) | 1.34 |
 Surprise | 9.55*** (11.96) | 1.12 (3.13) | 1.87 (4.83) | 0.47 (1.93) | 5.15* (9.44) | 78.56 (17.13) | 1.40 (3.82) | 1.87 (4.83) | 3.06 |
 Disgust | 0.84 (3.09) | 9.08 (8.85) | 2.25 (4.83) | 53.37*** (22.25) | 3.18 (6.59) | 1.12 (4.39) | 27.43 (19.83) | 2.72 (6.00) | 10.37 |