Fig. 2

a Assumed emotional valence of protagonists during each Emotion and Mask condition on a scale from 1/very negative to 9/very positive. b Comparison of valence ratings for protagonists wearing opaque and transparent masks relative to those with no masks as a baseline for each Emotion condition (calculated via subtracting the no mask baseline from the mask conditions). Larger magnitude bars indicate a larger difference relative to the no mask condition, with * and ** indicating a significant difference from the No mask condition at p < .05 and p < .01, respectively. Error bars represent standard error of the mean