Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Table 1 Effects of face masks on emotion recognition in the young and old cohort

From: Surgical face masks do not impair the decoding of facial expressions of negative affect more severely in older than in younger adults

	Accuracy				Confidence				Performance awareness
	Δ hit rate	Cohen's d	BF10	%	Rating	Cohen's d	BF10	%	Score	Cohen's d	BF10	%
Young cohort
w/o mask	0.31	3.5	> 100		0.57				0.13	1.3	> 100
With mask	0.22	2.9	> 100		0.42				0.12	1.5	> 100
Mask effect	0.09	1.2	> 100	29%	0.15	1.4	> 100	26%	0.01	0.09	*0.27*	8%
Old cohort
w/o mask	0.17	1.9	> 100		0.51				0.04	0.65	> 100
With mask	0.12	1.3	> 100		0.45				0.04	0.54	> 100
Mask effect	0.05	0.59	> 100	29%	0.06	0.84	> 100	12%	0.01	0.07	*0.25*	15%
Age effect
w/o mask	0.14	1.5	> 100		0.06	0.37	1.7		0.09	1.0	> 100
With mask	0.10	1.2	> 100		0.03	− 0.15	*0.14*		0.08	1.1	> 100
Mask effect	− 0.04	− 0.48	*0.07*		− 0.03	− 0.99	*0.04*		− 0.00	− 0.04	*0.19*

All comparisons are one-sided and signs indicate the direction of an effect relative to the prediction (see text). BF10 > 3 (at least moderate evidence for H1) are bold and BF10 < .33 (at least moderate evidence against H1) are bold and in italics. Δ hit, hit rate minus chance; %, relative decline due to face masks (relative to faces without masks). Confidence ratings are rescaled to unity (minimal possible value 0, maximal possible value 1)

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