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Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Table 4 Results from multilevel models with executive functioning (EF) factors and momentary concentration as predictors of stimulus-independent and task-unrelated thoughts (SITUTs), task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs), and stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs)

From: The contribution of latent factors of executive functioning to mind wandering: an experience sampling study

  SITUTs TUTs SITs
B (SE) p OR 95% CI B (SE) p OR 95% CI B (SE) p OR 95% CI
Null model (M1)             
Intercept  − 1.46 (0.06)  < .01 0.23 [0.20, 0.26]  − 0.86 (0.06)  < .01 0.42 [0.37, 0.48]  − 0.82 (0.06)  < .01 0.44 [0.39, 0.50]
Main effects model (M2)
Intercept  − 1.77 (0.08)  < .01 0.17 [0.15, 0.20]  − 1.08 (0.08)  < .01 0.34 [0.29, 0.40]  − 0.96 (0.07)  < .01 0.38 [0.33, 0.44]
Shifting-specific  − 0.06 (0.09) .53 0.95 [0.79, 1.13] 0.01 (0.09) .93 1.01 [0.85, 1.20]  − 0.10 (0.09) .25 0.90 [0.76, 1.08]
Updating-specific 0.09 (0.09) .32 1.09 [0.92, 1.31] 0.11 (0.08) .18 1.11 [0.95, 1.30] 0.05 (0.07) .50 1.05 [0.91, 1.20]
Common EF  − 0.00 (0.08) .97 1.00 [0.85, 1.17] 0.05 (0.10) .57 1.06 [0.87, 1.28]  − 0.07 (0.08) .41 0.94 [0.80, 1.10]
Concentration  − 3.51 (0.20)  < .01 0.03 [0.02, 0.04]  − 3.80 (0.19)  < .01 0.02 [0.02, 0.03]  − 2.16 (0.20)  < .01 0.12 [0.08, 0.17]
Confirmatory interaction model (M3)
Intercept  − 1.77 (0.08)  < .01 0.17 [0.15, 0.20]  − 1.08 (0.08)  < .01 0.34 [0.29, 0.40]  − 0.96 (0.07)  < .01 0.38 [0.33, 0.44]
Shifting-specific  − 0.05 (0.09) .54 0.95 [0.79, 1.13] 0.01 (0.09) .90 1.01 [0.85, 1.21]  − 0.10 (0.09) .25 0.90 [0.76, 1.08]
Updating-specific 0.07 (0.09) .43 1.08 [0.90, 1.30] 0.09 (0.08) .26 1.09 [0.93, 1.28]  − 0.00 (0.08) .99 1.00 [0.86, 1.17]
Common EF  − 0.00 (0.08) .97 1.00 [0.85, 1.17] 0.05 (0.10) .57 1.06 [0.87, 1.28]  − 0.07 (0.08) .42 0.94 [0.80, 1.10]
Concentration  − 3.50 (0.20)  < .01 0.03 [0.02, 0.05]  − 3.78 (0.19)  < .01 0.02 [0.02, 0.03]  − 2.15 (0.20)  < .01 0.12 [0.08, 0.17]
Concentration × updating-specific  − 0.20 (0.20) .32 0.82 [0.55, 1.22]  − 0.45 (0.21) .03 0.64 [0.42, 0.96]  − 0.33 (0.21) .11 0.72 [0.48, 1.08]
Exploratory interaction model (M4)
Intercept  − 1.76 (0.08)  < .01 0.17 [0.15, 0.20]  − 1.08 (0.08)  < .01 0.34 [0.29, 0.40]  − 0.96 (0.07)  < .01 0.38 [0.33, 0.44]
Shifting-specific  − 0.02 (0.09) .85 0.98 [0.83, 1.17] 0.02 (0.09) .83 1.02 [0.85, 1.22]  − 0.04 (0.09) .67 0.96 [0.80, 1.16]
Updating-specific 0.08 (0.09) .37 1.09 [0.90, 1.31] 0.09 (0.08) .26 1.10 [0.93, 1.29] 0.02 (0.08) .76 1.02 [0.88, 1.20]
Common EF  − 0.02 (0.08) .80 0.98 [0.83, 1.16] 0.05 (0.10) .59 1.05 [0.87, 1.28]  − 0.11 (0.09) .19 0.89 [0.75, 1.06]
Concentration  − 3.49 (0.20)  < .01 0.03 [0.02, 0.04]  − 3.78 (0.19)  < .01 0.02 [0.02, 0.03]  − 2.14 (0.20)  < .01 0.12 [0.08, 0.17]
Concentration × shifting-specific 0.51 (0.23) .03 1.67 [1.05, 2.64] 0.24 (0.22) .28 1.27 [0.82, 1.98] 0.44 (0.22) .05 1.55 [0.99, 2.41]
Concentration × updating-specific  − 0.05 (0.21) .80 0.95 [0.63, 1.43]  − 0.39 (0.22) .07 0.68 [0.44, 1.04]  − 0.16 (0.22) .48 0.86 [0.56, 1.32]
Concentration × common EF  − 0.23 (0.22) .31 0.80 [0.52, 1.23]  − 0.06 (0.22) .78 0.94 [0.61, 1.45]  − 0.35 (0.21) .11 0.71 [0.46, 1.08]
Model comparisons Δχ2 p    Δχ2 p    Δχ2 p   
M2 vs. M1 (df = 6) 1194.34  < .01    1728.71  < .01    825.41  < .01   
M3 vs. M2 (df = 1) 1.12 .29    5.89 .02    2.93 .08   
M4 vs. M3 (df = 2) 5.23 .07    1.14 .56    4.83 .09   
M4 vs. M2 (df = 3) 6.35 .09    7.03 .07    7.77 .05   
  1. Endorsed models in bold. Nindividuals = 187. Nmoments = 10,257
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