Fig. 1

a Participants’ d′ in different mask conditions (unmasked–unmasked: Faces were unmasked during both learning and recognition. Unmasked–masked: Faces were unmasked during learning and masked during recognition. Masked–unmasked: Faces were masked during learning and unmasked during recognition. Masked–masked: Faces were masked during both learning and recognition). b Participants’ RT in ms in different mask conditions (*p < .05, ** p < .01, ***p < .001, paired t test)