Table 6 Mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model used to predict score for each problem on a scale of 0 to 4 (N = 230)

Intercept for 0|1

− 2.90 (0.64)

0.05 (0.02, 0.19)

− 4.56***

–

Intercept for 1|2

4.15 (0.60)

63.71 (19.69, 206.11)

6.93***

–

Intercept for 2|3

5.14 (0.62)

170.27 (51.01, 568.39)

8.35***

–

Intercept for 3|4

5.86 (0.63)

351.19 (102.48, 1203.49)

9.33***

–

Media literacy accuracy at pretest

1.40 (0.60)

4.05 (1.26, 12.98)

2.35*

5.56*

Lateral reading at pretest (No = 0)

0.89 (0.46)

2.44 (1.00, 5.98)

1.96^†

3.81^†

Instructor (Instructor 1 = 0)^a

–

–

–

10.72*

 Instructor 2

0.19 (0.36)

1.21 (0.59, 2.45)

0.52

–

 Instructor 3

0.39 (0.35)

1.48 (0.75, 2.91)

1.12

–

 Instructor 4

1.07 (0.36)

2.93 (1.45, 5.90)

3.01**

–

Problem type (sourcing evidence = 0)^a

–

–

–

21.54***

 Clickbait science and medical disinformation

0.02 (0.23)

1.02 (0.66, 1.60)

0.11

–

 Fake news

0.79 (0.23)

2.19 (1.40, 3.43)

3.45***

–

 Photographic evidence

− 0.12 (0.23)

0.89 (0.56, 1.40)

− 0.50

–

Condition (Control = 0)

1.73 (0.45)

5.66 (2.34, 13.68)

3.85***

14.71***

Number of assignments attempted

0.48 (0.18)

1.62 (1.15, 2.29)

2.76**

7.63**