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Table 2 Average number of explanations of each type by group (study 2)

From: Removing opportunities to calculate improves students’ performance on subsequent word problems

Type of explanation

Calculable

(N = 40)

Mean (SD)

Non-calculable

(N = 41)

Mean (SD)

Group comparison

Attempted to solve

2.53 (0.82)

1.44 (1.16)

t(79) = 4.85

p < .0001

Cohen’s d = 1.09

Describing steps

1.00 (1.09)

0.32 (0.69)

t(79) = 3.39

p = .001

Cohen’s d = 0.75

Explaining mathematical relationships

1.40 (1.19)

1.05 (0.95)

t(79) = 1.47

p = .146

Cohen’s d = 0.33

  1. Note, scores ranged from 0 to 3, with 3 meaning a student produced an explanation of that type for each of the three problems