When there is noise on Sherlock Holmes: mind wandering increases with perceptual processing difficulty during reading and listening

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Table 3 Results of the multilevel models investigating mind wandering, fact-based comprehension and inference-based comprehension

Model	Criterion	Predictor	b	SE_b	Wald Z	p
A	Mind wandering	Perception-difficulty level	0.48	0.21	2.26	0.024
		Presentation format	− 0.36	0.21	− 1.68	0.094
		Time on task	0.04	0.01	4.32	0.001
B1	Fact-based comprehension	Perception-difficulty level	− 0.68	0.18	− 3.87	0.001
		Presentation format	0.46	0.18	2.63	0.009
		Time on task	− 0.05	0.02	− 3.41	0.001
B2	Fact-based comprehension	Perception-difficulty level	− 0.61	0.16	− 3.78	0.001
		Presentation format	0.43	0.16	2.64	0.008
		Time on task	− 0.04	0.02	− 2.57	0.010
		Mind wandering	− 0.88	0.14	− 6.45	0.001
C1	Inference-based comprehension	Perception-difficulty level	− 0.71	0.29	− 2.42	0.015
C1	Inference-based comprehension	Presentation format	0.45	0.29	1.54	0.124
C2	Inference-based comprehension	Perception-difficulty level	− 0.55	0.30	− 1.82	0.069
		Presentation format	0.34	0.30	1.16	0.247
		Mind wandering	− 0.14	0.04	− 3.17	0.002

Model A denotes a generalized linear model (logistic link function) predicting 18 mind-wandering-assessment points by the perception-difficulty level, the presentation format and the time on task using fixed covariate effects and random intercepts. Model B denotes a generalized linear model (logistic link function) predicting twelve assessment points of fact-based comprehension by the perception-difficulty level (Models B1 and B2), the presentation format (Models B1 and B2), the time on task (Models B1 and B2), and twelve mind-wandering-assessment points (corresponding to the question events in terms of assessment time, Model B2) using fixed covariate effects and random intercepts. Model C denotes an ordered regression model (logistic link function) predicting three levels of inference-based comprehension by the perception-difficulty level (Models C1 and C2), the presentation format (Models C1 and C2), and mind wandering (the sum of all mind-wandering instances during all 18 assessment points, Model C2). Please find the information of the variable coding in the running text. SE standard error