Mean | SD | % Agree | t value | df | p value | Cohen’s d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Switched-at-birth Answer scale: 1–6, midpoint: 3.5 | |||||||
Accent | 2.24 | 1.21 | 16.8 | −19.28 | 339 | < .001 | 1.05 |
Vocabulary | 2.19 | 1.17 | 14.4 | −20.51 | 339 | < .001 | 1.11 |
Grammar | 2.18 | 1.12 | 15.0 | −21.79 | 339 | < .001 | 1.18 |
Average Score | 2.20 | 1.11 | NA | −21.58 | 339 | < .001 | 1.17 |
Language Essentialism Questionnaire Answer scale: 1–6 (midpoint: 3.5) | |||||||
Specific Language essentialism | |||||||
Genetically predisposed | 2.35 | 1.37 | 19.7 | −15.45 | 339 | < .001 | 0.84 |
Brain | 2.56 | 1.47 | 26.2 | −11.85 | 339 | < .001 | 0.64 |
Determined at birth | 2.44 | 1.35 | 24.4 | −14.42 | 339 | < .001 | 0.78 |
Inheritable | 2.41 | 1.41 | 22.4 | −14.19 | 339 | < .001 | 0.77 |
Average Score | 2.44 | 1.25 | NA | −15.64 | 339 | < .001 | 0.85 |
First Language essentialism | |||||||
Gene | 2.83 | 1.30 | 32.9 | −9.52 | 339 | < .001 | 0.52 |
Brain | 3.57 | 1.16 | 58.2 | 1.12 | 339 | 0.264 | 0.06 |
Determined at birth | 2.52 | 1.27 | 22.9 | −14.17 | 339 | < .001 | 0.77 |
Inheritable | 3.07 | 1.55 | 41.8 | −5.08 | 339 | < .001 | 0.28 |
Natural ability | 4.28 | 1.23 | 78.5 | 11.73 | 339 | < .001 | 0.64 |
Average Score | 3.25 | .87 | NA | −5.19 | 339 | < .001 | 0.28 |
Multiple Language essentialism | |||||||
Gene | 3.24 | 1.22 | 47.9 | −3.96 | 339 | < .001 | 0.21 |
Brain | 3.94 | 1.02 | 73.2 | 8.00 | 339 | < .001 | 0.43 |
Determined at birth | 2.55 | 1.18 | 20.3 | −14.84 | 339 | < .001 | 0.80 |
Inheritable | 2.91 | 1.26 | 37.4 | −8.55 | 339 | < .001 | 0.46 |
Natural ability | 4.41 | 1.14 | 85.3 | 14.83 | 339 | < .001 | 0.80 |
Average score | 3.41 | .79 | NA | −2.06 | 339 | 0.039 | 0.11 |