How do face masks impact communication amongst deaf/HoH people?

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Table 5 Summary of significant effects in the regression analysis amount of missed information, feeling of being disconnected from society, and wellbeing

Model		b	t	p	95% CI
Model		b	t	p	LL	UL
Outcome measure: amount of information missed
1	Level deaf	0.120	2.230	0.026	0.016	0.250
1	SL	0.167	2.792	0.006	0.054	0.313
2	SL	0.219	2.439	0.015	0.047	0.435
2	Level deaf. * Onset deaf	− 0.146	− 2.443	0.015	− 0.291	− 0.031
Outcome measure: feeling of being disconnected from society
2	Level deaf	0.180	2.292	0.022	0.044	0.579
2	Residence * Level deaf	− 0.218	− 2.952	0.003	− 0.565	− 0.113
2	Residence * SL	0.174	2.159	0.032	0.024	0.521
3	Level deaf	0.333	2.620	0.009	0.144	1.009
3	Residence * Level deaf	− 0.376	− 2.710	0.007	− 1.012	− 0.161
3	Residence * SL	0.286	2.113	0.035	0.031	0.865
3	Level deaf. * Onset deaf. * SL	− 0.151	− 2.003	0.046	− 0.502	− 0.005
Outcome measure: quality of life
1	Level deaf	0.129	2.377	0.018	0.527	5.571
1	SL	− 0.157	− 2.580	0.010	− 6.514	− 0.879
1	Lipreading fluency	0.108	2.083	0.038	0.140	4.871
2	Onset deaf	0.223	2.429	0.016	0.973	9.248
2	SL	− 0.212	− 2.311	0.021	− 9.264	− 0.746
2	Lipreading fluency	0.174	2.449	0.015	0.796	7.275
2	Residence * Onset deaf	− 0.172	− 2.059	0.040	− 7.107	− 0.163
3	Onset deaf	0.325	2.246	0.025	0.927	13.962
3	Lipreading fluency	0.289	2.344	0.020	1.078	12.330
3	Residence * Level deaf	0.307	2.214	0.027	0.732	12.362
3	Level deaf. * Onset deaf	0.251	2.445	0.015	1.165	10.736

CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit. The predictors were vector coded: Residence: UK = 1, Spain = − 1; Level deaf: Deaf = 1, HoH = − 1; Onset deaf.: Early = 1, Late = − 1; SL: Know SL = 1, Does not know SL = − 1; Lipreading fluency: Fluent = 1, non-fluent = − 1