From: Face masks impair facial emotion recognition and induce specific emotion confusions
Mask and displayed emotion | Chosen emotion | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fear | Happiness | Sadness | Anger | Neutral | Surprise | Disgust | Other | Chance | |
No mask | |||||||||
 Fear | 75.05 (21.15) | 0.05 (0.67) | 1.69 (4.10) | 0.44 (2.09) | 0.22 (1.64) | 9.42*** (13.03) | 10.46*** (11.77) | 2.67 (7.00) | 3.56 |
 Happiness | 0.05 (0.67) | 98.97 (3.22) | 0.44 (1.86) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.22 (1.64) | 0.22 (1.33) | 0.05 (0.67) | 0.05 (0.67) | 0.15 |
 Sadness | 1.20 (3.23) | 0.22 (1.33) | 93.95 (8.62) | 1.20 (4.10) | 0.60 (2.88) | 0.38 (1.99) | 1.42 (3.68) | 1.03 (3.22) | 0.86 |
 Anger | 0.33 (1.62) | 0.00 (0.00) | 3.10* (5.81) | 86.82 (12.60) | 4.30*** (6.70) | 0.27 (1.49) | 2.72 (6.47) | 2.45 (5.23) | 1.88 |
 Neutral | 0.16 (1.16) | 0.16 (1.16) | 1.31* (4.39) | 1.20* (3.37) | 96.41 (7.27) | 0.22 (1.64) | 0.05 (0.67) | 0.49 (2.19) | 0.51 |
 Surprise | 3.38** (8.47) | 0.05 (0.67) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.11 (0.95) | 0.16 (1.16) | 93.19 (10.09) | 1.80* (4.05) | 1.31 (3.19) | 0.97 |
 Disgust | 0.05 (0.67) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.05 (0.67) | 7.84*** (12.83) | 0.11 (0.95) | 0.54 (2.07) | 90.52 (14.05) | 0.87 (2.89) | 1.35 |
With mask | |||||||||
 Fear | 44.61 (20.80) | 0.38 (1.99) | 1.91 (4.11) | 1.09 (3.27) | 1.25 (4.25) | 44.44*** (20.32) | 4.63 (7.08) | 1.69 (4.81) | 7.91 |
 Happiness | 0.05 (0.67) | 87.09 (12.93) | 0.76 (2.59) | 1.09 (3.41) | 9.04*** (11.39) | 0.22 (1.33) | 1.09 (2.98) | 0.65 (2.79) | 1.84 |
 Sadness | 8.28*** (10.14) | 0.49 (2.19) | 67.05 (18.45) | 2.72 (5.48) | 7.68*** (9.49) | 2.51 (5.07) | 7.35** (9.93) | 3.92 (7.35) | 4.71 |
 Anger | 0.82 (2.83) | 0.33 (1.88) | 2.12 (4.33) | 86.49 (12.20) | 1.96 (4.85) | 0.54 (2.47) | 6.48*** (8.67) | 1.25 (3.42) | 1.93 |
 Neutral | 0.33 (1.62) | 0.33 (1.62) | 1.96** (5.04) | 1.42 (3.80) | 94.06 (8.69) | 0.76 (2.59) | 0.27 (1.49) | 0.87 (3.19) | 0.85 |
 Surprise | 9.97*** (12.21) | 1.20 (3.50) | 0.76 (2.59) | 0.27 (2.23) | 3.21 (7.35) | 80.50 (16.06) | 2.07 (4.71) | 2.02 (4.78) | 2.79 |
 Disgust | 0.44 (1.86) | 6.75 (8.21) | 1.74 (4.75) | 60.13*** (19.26) | 1.47 (3.72) | 0.98 (3.44) | 26.91 (20.20) | 1.58 (4.66) | 10.44 |