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Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
Fig. 3 | Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Fig. 3

From: Speaking with a KN95 face mask: a within-subjects study on speaker adaptation and strategies to improve intelligibility

Fig. 3

Effect size of select phonatory measures. Note: Standardized beta coefficients for low/high ratio (blue) and harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR, red) of Masked Mannequin relative to Masked Human (top) and human-produced No Mask relative to Mask Only (bottom). Negative effect size indicates lower values relative to the reference condition; positive effect size indicates higher values relative to the reference condition. Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval. Large effect: |Beta|≥ 0.95; medium effect: |Beta|≥ 0.55; small effect: |Beta|≥ 0.25

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