Table 3 Text of statements and tweets used in Experiments 1 and 2

Alcohol is a drug

18

Alcohol is not a drug

22

Alcohol

Alcohol is a depressant

24

Alcohol is a stimulant

23

Alcohol

Alcohol hurts your heart

24

Alcohol use heals your heart

28

Alcohol

Drinking causes impotence

26

Drinking prevents impotence

27

Alcohol

Darker drinks are unhealthy.

28

Darker drinks are healthy

26

Alcohol

Alcohol can damage your DNA

27

Alcohol can’t damage your DNA

29

Alcohol

Drinking alone is not fine

26

Drinking alcohol alone is fine

30

Alcohol

Coffee does not cure a hangover

31

Coffee does cure a hangover

27

Alcohol

You can’t throw up to sober up.

31

You can throw up to sober up

30

Alcohol

Alcohol is processed in the liver

33

Alcohol is processed in the kidney

35

Alcohol

Alcohol use contributes to suicide

34

Alcohol use is unrelated to suicide

35

Alcohol

Alcohol is nonessential to your diet

37

Alcohol is essential to your diet

33

Alcohol

Alcohol withdrawal can be dangerous

35

Alcohol withdrawal can be innocuous

36

Alcohol

A cold shower does not cure a hangover

38

A cold shower does cure a hangover

34

Alcohol

When I seem drunk, I’m not in control

37

When I seem drunk, I’m still in control

39

Alcohol

If you don’t drink, you shouldn’t start.

40

If you don’t drink, you should start.

37

Alcohol

Alcohol is part of an unhealthy lifestyle

41

Alcohol is part of a healthy lifestyle

38

Alcohol

Everybody reacts differently to alcohol.

40

Everybody reacts the same way to alcohol

40

Alcohol

Alcohol slows down activity in the brain

41

Alcohol speeds up activity in the brain

39

Alcohol

Drinking alcohol while pregnant is risky

41

Drinking alcohol while pregnant is safe

39

Alcohol

Vaping is dangerous.

20

Vaping is safe.

15

Smoking

Smoking does kill!

18

Smoking doesn’t kill!

21

Smoking

Vaping is addictive

19

Vaping is non-addictive

23

Smoking

Nicotine is addictive.

22

Nicotine is not addictive

26

Smoking

Nicotine stimulates the adrenal glands

22

Nicotine stimulates hunger hormones

26

Smoking

Second hand smoke is dangerous

30

Second hand smoke is safe

25

Smoking

Cigarettes are still unsafe

27

Cigarettes are much safer now

29

Smoking

Low-tar cigarettes are dangerous

33

Low-tar cigarettes are safe

28

Smoking

Smoking is bad for my lungs

30

Smoking is good for my lungs

31

Smoking

Filters don’t make cigarettes safe

35

Filters make cigarettes safe

29

Smoking

Occasional smoking will hurt me.

32

Occasional smoking won’t hurt me

33

Smoking

Secondhand smoke harms children

31

Secondhand smoke benefits children

34

Smoking

Vaping does not help you quit smoking

37

Vaping helps you quit smoking

29

Smoking

Smoking harms the immune system

32

Smoking benefits the immune system

34

Smoking

Most smokers want to quit smoking

33

Most smokers want to keep smoking

33

Smoking

Nicotine is bad for kids’ brains

33

Nicotine is good for kids’ brains

33

Smoking

Hookah smoke can cause cancer

33

Hookah smoke can’t cause cancer

34

Smoking

There is no safe tobacco product

32

There are some safe tobacco products

36

Smoking

Vaping has been marketed to teens

34

Vaping has not been marketed to teens

37

Smoking

E-cigarettes are not a healthy choice.

38

E-cigarettes are a healthy choice

34

Smoking

Vaccines are safe

18

Vaccines are dangerous

23

Vaccines

Vaccines help everyone

22

Vaccines hurt everyone

22

Vaccines

Vaccines do not cause Autism

28

Vaccines cause Autism

21

Vaccines

Vaccines help prevent illness

29

Vaccines cause illness

22

Vaccines

Vaccines protect communities

29

Vaccines harm communities

26

Vaccines

Vaccinations keep children safe

31

Vaccinations harm children

26

Vaccines

There are no toxins in vaccines

31

There are toxins in vaccines

28

Vaccines

Vaccines are based on science

29

Vaccines are based on ignorance

31

Vaccines

Vaccines help future generations

32

Vaccines harm future generations

32

Vaccines

Vaccines save children’s lives

30

Vaccines don’t save children’s lives

36

Vaccines

Vaccines prevent disease outbreaks

34

Vaccines cause disease outbreaks

32

Vaccines

Vaccines protect future generations

35

Vaccines harm future generations

32

Vaccines

HPV vaccine does not cause infertility

38

HPV vaccine causes infertility

30

Vaccines

Some vaccines are safe for everyone

35

All vaccines are safe for everyone

34

Vaccines

HPV vaccine prevents cervical cancer

36

HPV vaccine causes cervical cancer

34

Vaccines

Vaccines strengthen the immune system

37

Vaccines weaken the immune system

33

Vaccines

Vaccines save people

35

Vaccines Kill People

35

Vaccines

Vaccines are regulated by the FDA

33

Vaccines are not regulated by the FDA

37

Vaccines

The flu shot doesn’t cause the flu

34

The flu shot causes the flu for some

36

Vaccines

Vaccines protect the most vulnerable

37

Vaccines harm the most vulnerable

33

Vaccines