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Table 3 Masked and unmasked stimuli confusion matrix, with mean percentage of each response to each emotion and masked and unmasked negative misattributions to neutral and positive emotions (misattributions of anger, disgust, fear, and sad for happy, surprise, and neutral)

From: The effects of face coverings, own-ethnicity biases, and attitudes on emotion recognition

 

Masked stimuli

Unmasked stimuli

Perceived emotion

Negative misattributions

Perceived emotion

Negative misattributions

Anger

Disgust

Fear

Neutral

Happy

Sad

Suprise

 

Anger

Disgust

Fear

Neutral

Happy

Sad

Suprise

 

Anger

68.4%

10.4%

4.0%*

3.9%*

2.7%

3.8%*

5.9%*

 

76.2%

12.3%

2.5%

1.3%

2.0%

2.4%

2.2

 

Disgust

37.8%*

21.1%

5.3%*

7.8%*

10.4%*

8.7%*

7.6%*

 

6.4%

77.9%

2.7%

1.7%

5.5%

1.9%

2.9

 

Fear

2.0%

3.8%

28.5%

4.9%*

2.5%*

3.8

53.8%*

 

2.2%

12.7%

46.4%

1.8%

1.2%

6.4%

28.6

 

Neutral

2.3%

1.5%

0.9%

87.9%

2.0%

3.9

1.1%

2.1%

2.2%

2.6%

0.7%

83.9%

2.2%

5.2%

2.0%

2.7%

Happy

1.5%*

1.4%

1.3%

25.3%*

65.5%

2.0%*

2.2%*

1.5%

0.7%

0.7%

0.9%

0.0%

93.7%

0.4%

0.8%

0.7%

Sad

10.9%*

12.3%*

9.7%*

28.4%*

1.5%*

32.4%

7.8%*

 

3.9%

8.1%

4.4%

5.9%

0.6%

77.8%

2.3%

 

Suprise

1.5%

1.7%

11.3%

9.8%*

3.9%

2.5%*

64.6%

4.2%

1.0%

1.7%

8.7%

1.3%

5.3%

1.5%

76.1%

3.2%

  1. *Represents misclassifications made more frequently in masked conditions, Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons p < .05. Bolded numbers represent correct responses
  2. Represents misclassifications made more frequently in unmasked conditions