Table 5 Demographic characteristics of experimental groups

Age

21.0 (2.5)

21.0 (3.5)

20.9 (3.3)

0.10

Gender

20F/10 M

11F/18 M

14F/14 M

0.98

Guardian years of education

15.0 (3.1)

14.8 (3.5)

15.6 (2.9)

0.15

Bilingual (0 no–10 yes)

5.5 (3.1)

5.4 (3.3)

5.4 (3.9)

0.10

Singer

n = 8 no

n = 22 yes

n = 9 no

n = 20 yes

n = 6 no

n = 22 yes

0.10

Took voice lessons

n = 17 no

n = 13 yes

n = 22 no

n = 7 yes

n = 15 no

n = 13 yes

0.49

Hours per week of singing

6.5 (7.5)

5.3 (4.3)

5.2 (4.7)

0.15

Sheet music reading proficiency (10 = most proficient)

5.5 (2.6)

6.4 (2.7)

6.1 (2.5)

0.23

Log number of songs performed from memory

1.1 (1.0)

1.1 (1.0)

1.4 (0.91)

0.17

Anxiety at testing (10 = extremely anxious)

3.3 (2.7)

3.0 (2.5)

3.1 (2.4)

0.11

PROMS test of music perception ability

22.8 (4.8)

22.5 (3.7)

23.7 (3.9)

0.17