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Fig. 1 | Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Fig. 1

From: Measurement of individual differences in face-identity processing abilities in older adults

Fig. 1

Reproduced with permission from Duchaine & Nakayama, 2006). A At learning, six target faces are shown for memorization followed by test trials where the target face has to be identified among two distractors. Recognition of target faces is tested in three stages with increasing difficulty. B Learned faces are shown in the same viewpoint as learning. C Learned faces are shown in a different viewpoint than at learning. D Learned faces shown in different viewpoints and with noise added to the images. (2) The Glasgow Face Matching Task (GFMT; The individuals shown in the figure have given written informed consent to publish these images). Participants are asked to determine the two simultaneously presented faces are matching (yes/no). Presentation time is self-paced. (3) The complete composite test. Examples of same and different congruent and incongruent trials. Participants indicate whether the identity of the relevant half (top or bottom) is same or different. In the examples, the relevant half is always the top, as indicated by the white horizontal cue. In congruent same trials, the identity of the relevant and irrelevant halves of two sequentially presented faces is the same. In congruent different trials, the identity of the relevant and irrelevant halves of two sequentially presented faces is different. In incongruent same trials, the identity of the relevant halves of two sequentially presented faces is the same, but the identity of the two irrelevant face halves is different. In incongruent different trials, the identity of the relevant halves of two sequentially presented faces is different, but the identity of the two irrelevant face halves is the same. Because of automatic holistic processing of faces, the presence of irrelevant face features interferes with matching of the relevant halves, leading to poorer performance in incongruent than congruent trials

(1) The Cambridge Face Memory Task (CFMT;

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