Fig. 1

a Field site in Wissahickon Valley Park where expert geoscientist case study participant received surface-soil intrusion strength data and soil moisture data in situ. The yellow arrow, located at the bottom of the hill, points uphill to the SW along the hill transect where data was collected. b Aerial view of the hill transect, with the yellow arrow in the same position and pointing in the same direction as in A. The expert geoscientist had an initial strategy of taking four measurements each at nine evenly spaced locations. c After the expert saw the variability in the first four measurements (represented by red circles) at each location in situ, he opted to adjust his initial strategy and take four additional measurements (represented by yellow triangles)