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Table 2 Contrasts run in Experiment 2

From: Can corrections spread misinformation to new audiences? Testing for the elusive familiarity backfire effect

dV/hypothesis

Effect tested

F(1,932)

P

False-claim inference scores

 H1FISi: NE > FCOi

Effect of correction vs. baseline

70.33

< .001a

 H2FISi: NE < COi

Illusory truth effect

1.63

.202

 H3FISi: CFCi < COi

Effect of claim+correction vs. claim-only

114.14

< .001a

 H4FISi: NE > CFCi

Effect of claim+correction vs. baseline

88.08

< .001a

 H1FISd: NE < FCOd

Familiarity backfire effect

0.02

.895

 H2FISd: NE < COd

Illusory truth effect

9.89

.002a

 H3FISd: CFCd < COd

Effect of claim+correction vs. claim-only

11.64

< .001a

 H4FISd: NE > CFCd

Effect of claim+correction vs. baseline

0.04

.850

 H5FIS: FCOi < FCOd

Delay effect on correction

72.21

< .001a

 H6FIS: CFCi < CFCd

Delay effect on claim+correction

88.43

< .001a

False-claim belief ratings

 H1FBRi: NE > FCOi

Effect of correction vs. baseline

83.13

< .001a

 H2FBRi: NE < COi

Illusory truth effect

3.75

.053b

 H3FBRi: CFCi < COi

Effect of claim+correction vs. claim-only

87.36

< .001a

 H4FBRi: NE > CFCi

Effect of claim+correction vs. baseline

126.87

< .001a

 H1FBRd: NE < FCOd

Familiarity backfire effect

2.02

.155

 H2FBRd: NE < COd

Illusory truth effect

14.09

< .001a

 H3FBRd: CFCd < COd

Effect of claim+correction vs. claim-only

37.91

< .001a

 H4FBRd: NE > CFCd

Effect of claim+correction vs. baseline

5.12

.024

 H5FBR: FCOi < FCOd

Delay effect on correction

63.33

< .001a

 H6FBR: CFCi < CFCd

Delay effect on claim+correction

85.50

< .001a

True-claim inference scores

 H1TISi: NE < FCOi

Effect of affirmation vs. baseline

148.92

< .001a

 H2TISi: NE < COi

Illusory truth effect

2.21

.137

 H3TISi: CFCi > COi

Effect of claim+affirmation vs. claim-only

121.24

< .001a

 H1TISd: NE < FCOd

Effect of affirmation vs. baseline

18.24

< .001a

 H2TISd: NE < COd

Illusory truth effect

0.19

.666

 H3TISd: CFCd > COd

Effect of claim+affirmation vs. claim-only

15.07

< .001a

 H5TIS: FCOi > FCOd

Delay effect on affirmation

23.51

< .001a

 H6TIS: CFCi > CFCd

Delay effect on claim+affirmation

72.57

< .001a

True-claim belief ratings

 H1TBRi: NE < FCOi

Effect of affirmation vs. baseline

45.71

< .001a

 H2TBRi: NE < COi

Illusory truth effect

3.79

.052b

 H3TBRi: CFCi > COi

Effect of claim+affirmation vs. claim-only

108.75

< .001a

 H1TBRd: NE < FCOd

Effect of affirmation vs. baseline

57.16

< .001a

 H2TBRd: NE < COd

Illusory truth effect

6.49

.011a

 H3TBRd: CFCD > COd

Effect of claim+affirmation vs. claim-only

25.31

< .001a

 H5TBR: FCOi > FCOd

Delay effect on affirmation

0.38

.536

 H6TBR: CFCi > CFCd

Delay effect on claim+affirmation

1.37

.243

  1. Note. Hypotheses are numbered H1–6 (primary hypothesis in bold; see text for details); subscripts FISi/d, TISi/d, FBRi/d, and TISi/d refer to false-claim and true-claim inference scores and belief ratings in immediate and delayed tests, respectively. Conditions are NE no-exposure; COi/d claim-only with immediate/delayed test; FCOi/d fact-check-only with immediate/delayed test; CFCi/d claim-plus-fact-check with immediate/delayed test. aindicates statistical significance after Holm-Bonferroni correction. bindicates an effect in the opposite of hypothesized direction