Subjective (dis)utility of effort: mentally and physically demanding tasks

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Table 3 Trait measures: number of items, means, reliabilities, and internal consistency reliability

Variable	Items	Mean	SD	α
Self-Concept and Self-Estimates of Abilities
Verbal Self-Concept	6	5.00	.65	.76
Math Self-Concept	6	5.15	.73	.86
Spatial Self-Concept	6	4.72	.70	.79
Self-Estimate of Verbal Abilities	4	71.59	14.03	.79
Self-Estimate of Math Abilities	5	77.36	13.87	.88
Self-Estimate of Spatial Abilities	4	68.04	15.85	.84
Self-Estimate of Perceptual Speed/Psychomotor Abilities	6	69.13	15.11	.87
Self-Estimate of General Abilities	3	71.10	14.09	.75
Preference for Numerical Information	11	4.68	.75	.88
Composites
Verbal/Crystallized	5	0.00	1.00	.83
Math/Fluid	4	0.00	1.00	.75
Personality and Motivation
Typical Intellectual Engagement	12	4.17	.76	.85
Extroversion	10	3.90	.93	.90
Openness to experience	12	4.08	.68	.72
Need for Achievement	10	4.68	.63	.84
Social Closeness	10	4.17	.98	.90
Conscientiousness	12	4.25	.73	.87
Self-Discipline	10	3.05	.84	.90
Boredom Proneness	7	2.87	.66	.65
Desire to Learn	8	4.61	.67	.83
Mastery	8	4.21	.47	.83
Other-Oriented Goals	7	4.16	.76	.79
Competitiveness	6	3.40	.37	.90
Worry in Achievement Contexts	10	3.75	.69	.86
Emotionality in Achievement Contexts	9	3.45	.62	.86
Composites
Mastery/nAch	5	0.00	1.00	.89
TIE/Openness, Desire to Learn	3	0.00	1.00	.77
Extroversion, lack of worry in Achievement context	4	0.00	1.00	.70
Competitiveness, Other-oriented goals	2	0.00	1.00	.72
Interests
Realistic	15	51.45	13.46	.89
Investigative	15	56.21	13.82	.91
Artistic interests	15	54.36	16.27	.90
Social	15	61.79	10.43	.82
Enterprising	15	52.08	12.46	.87
Conventional	15	47.23	15.11	.92