Where are we going and where have we been? Examining the effects of maps on spatial learning in an indoor guided navigation task

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Table 3 Mean values and standard deviations (SDs) for each measure by map study condition

Measure	Condition	Mean	SD
Pointing task error	No map	38.4	37.4
	Simple map study	33.4	34.4
	Simple map carry	31.0	27.5
	Complex map carry	36.0	31.9
	SketchUp carry	33.9	32.6
Shortcut task distance error	No map	4.45	2.99
	Simple map study	5.49	4.35
	Simple map carry	4.71	4.85
	Complex map carry	5.14	3.76
	SketchUp carry	5.42	4.67
Landmark recognition task target Landmark d’	No map	2.49	0.52
	Simple map study	2.31	0.64
	Simple map carry	2.42	0.57
	Complex map carry	2.53	0.46
	SketchUp carry	2.51	0.40
Landmark recognition task incidental Landmark d’	No map	1.06	0.75
	Simple map study	0.91	0.64
	Simple map carry	0.85	0.69
	Complex map carry	0.91	0.45
	SketchUp carry	0.97	0.60
Map completion task route score	No map	0.42	0.43
	Simple map study	0.46	0.44
	Simple map carry	0.60	0.39
	Complex map carry	0.48	0.43
	SketchUp carry	0.48	0.48
Map completion task landmark score	No map	0.73	0.22
	Simple map study	0.75	0.24
	Simple map carry	0.75	0.23
	Complex map carry	0.72	0.20
	SketchUp carry	0.67	0.25