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Table 1 Descriptive statistics by course for T1 and T2

From: Beyond small-scale spatial skills: Navigation skills and geoscience education

 

GIS

Mean (SD)

COM

Mean (SD)

T1

T2

T1

T2

Within-route

20.27 (11.47)

15.16 (8.86)

26.04 (13.73)

23.69 (10.34)

Between-route

43.61 (11.71)

35.16 (15.13)

47.58 (16.00)

46.13 (14.44)

Model-building

0.5277 (0.29)

0.6393 (0.28)

0.4503 (0.27)

0.4487 (0.29)

MRT

34.13 (21.79)

42.53 (22.09)

22.76 (17.93)

23.46 (23.63)

SWM

28.57 (7.31)

30.90 (7.44)

22.98 (9.32)

26.57 (9.72)

WRAT

47.98 (4.32)

–

46.26 (6.48)

–

PSAS

4.90 (0.75)

–

4.64 (0.75)

–

PVAS

4.68 (0.86)

–

4.49 (1.05)

–

  1. COM Communication, GIS Geographic Information Systems, MRT Mental Rotation Test, PSAS Philadelphia Spatial Ability Scale, PVAS Philadelphia Verbal Ability Scale, SD standard deviation, SWM Spatial Working Memory, T1 pre test (start of academic semester), T2 post test (end of academic semester), WRAT Wide Range Achievement Test