Table 1 Results of studies testing for benefits of mindfulnessmeditation on interference control
Study | Task | Duration. | # in exp. | # in control | Ran-dom | Active? | Decision |
Training studies comparing trainees to controls | |||||||
 Anderson, Lau, Segal, and Bishop (2007) | color Stroop | 8 weeks 2 h/week | 39 | 33 | yes | waitlist | ns |
 Colzato, Sellaro, Samara, and Hommel (2015) | Simon | 17-min session | 18 | 18 | yes | open attention | ns |
 Esch et al. (2017) | ANT | 5 days 1.5 h/day | 16 | 15 | yes | no | ns |
 Larson, Steffen, and Primosch (2013) | arrow flanker | 14.5 min | 28 | 27 | yes | relaxation | ns |
 Lai, MacNeil, and Frewen (2014) | ANT | 15 min | 23 | 21 | yes | counting | ns |
 Lim and Qu (2016) | ANT | 15 min | 41 | 39 | yes | dance, sing, count | ns |
 Norris, Creem, Hendler, and Kober (2018), Study 1) | arrow flanker | 10 min | 18 | 19 | yes | reading | ns |
 Norris et al. (2018), Study 2) | ANT | 10 min | 29 | 27 | yes | reading | ns |
 Oken et al. (2016) | flanker | 6 weeks 60–90 min/wk | 60 | 68 | yes | waitlist | ns |
 Oken et al. (2016) | color Stroop | 6 weeks 60–90 min/wk | 60 | 68 | yes | waitlist | ns |
 Polak (2009) | ANT | 2 sessions 15 min each | 50 | 50 | yes | relaxation | ns |
 Polak (2009) | color Stroop | 2 sessions, 15 min each | 50 | 50 | yes | relaxation | ns |
 van den Hurk et al. (2012) | ANT | 8 sessions, 2.5 h each | 34 | 37 | yes | waitlist | ns |
 Wahbeh, Goodrich, Goy, and Oken (2016) | ANT | 8 weeks + 20 min of daily homework | 27 | 25 | yes | sitting quietly | ns |
 Jha, Krompinger, and Baime (2007) | ANT | 6 weeks, 3 h/class | 17 | 17 | no | waitlist | ns |
 Ainsworth, Eddershaw, Meron, Baldwin, and Garner (2013) | ANT | 3 days, 1 h/day focused att. | 24 | 24 | yes | relaxation | sig |
 Ainsworth et al. (2013) | ANT | 3 days, 1 h/day openness att. | 25 | 24 | yes | relaxation | sig |
 Allen et al. (2012) | number Stroop | 8 sessions, 2 h each | 19 | 19 | yes | selective listening | sig |
 Becerra, Dandrade, and Harms (2017) | ANT | 8 weeks, 24 min per wk | 23 | 23 | yes | waitlist | sig |
 Elliott, Wallace, and Giesbrecht (2014) | ANT | week long retreat, 3–4 h/day | 22 | 19 | yes | waitlist | sig |
 Fan, Tang, Tang, and Posner (2014) | Stroop color | 5 days, 20 min/day | 21 | 22 | yes | relaxation | sig |
 Felver, Tipsord, Morris, Racer, and Dishion (2017) | ANT | 8 weeks, 90 min./week | 24 | 23 | yes | waitlist | sig |
 Moore, Gruber, Derose, and Malinowski (2012) | Stroop color | 16 weeks, 10 min/week | 12 | 16 | yes | waitlist | sig |
 Quan, Wang, Chu, and Zhou (2018) | ANT | 7 days, 100 min/day | 24 | 24 | yes | relaxation | sig |
 Tang et al. (2007) | ANT | 5 days, 20 min/day | 24 | 24 | yes | relaxation | sig |
 Tang (2009) | ANT | 4 weeks, 11 h total |  |  | yes | relaxation | sig |
 Wenk-Sormaz (2005) | color Stroop | 20 min, | 20 | 20 | yes | leaning | sig |
 Baijal, Jha, Kiyonaga, Singh, and Srinivasan (2011) | ANT | 1 to 2 years | 79 | 76 | no |  | sig |
Study | Task | Experience | # in exp. | # in control | Ran-dom | Controls | Decision |
Cross-section studies comparing meditators to non-meditators | |||||||
 Andreu et al. (2017) | letter flanker | 5 years | 31 | 30 | no | athletes | ns |
 Jo, Malinowski, and Schmidt (2017) | ANT | 13.1 years | 22 | 23 | no |  | ns |
 Isbel and Mahar (2015) | ANT | at least 6 months | 23 | 21 | no |  | ns |
 Otten et al. (2015) | ANT | min of 3 years | 22 | 22 | no |  | ns |
 Schotz et al. (2015) | flanker | min of 3 years | 20 | 20 | no |  | ns |
 Wei, Dong, Yang, Luo, and Zuo (2015) | ANT | 14.6 years | 18 | 22 | no |  | ns |
 Wittmann et al. (2015) | ANT | 10 years | 42 | 42 | no |  | ns |
 Moore and Malinowski (2009) | color Stroop | >  6 weeks | 25 | 25 | no |  | sig |
 Sperduti, Makowski, and Piolino (2016) | ANT | 25.5 years | 16 | 16 | no |  | sig |
 Jha et al. (2007) | ANT | ? | ? | 17 | no |  | sig |
 van den Hurk, Giommi, Gielen, Speckens, and Barendregt (2010) | ANT | 14.5 years | 20 | 20 | no |  | sig |