Fig. 1

Example target-present (top) and target-absent (bottom) trials. Participants were shown a preview of a target (e.g., drum) followed by a search display, which included either a target (e.g., drum, in the target-present condition) or a filler (e.g., book, in the target-absent condition), as well as a phonological competitor (e.g., dress) and a control (e.g., carrot) adjacent to the target position, and a filler (e.g., frog) diagonal to the target position. Participants were instructed to click on the target if it was present and the central fixation cross if it was absent