Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Table 1 Results of linear mixed-effects analyses for each emotion measured by the PANAS scale

	Enthusiastic	Interested	Determined	Excited	Inspired	Alert	Active
Fake	0.13^c	0.04	0.07^b	0.15^c	0.15^c	0.05^a	0.10^c
Real	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.002	0.001	0.05^a	0.01
Discernment	− 0.11^c	− 0.02	− 0.06	− 0.14^c	− 0.15^c	− 0.01	− 0.09^b

	Strong	Proud	Attentive	Scared	Afraid	Upset	Distressed
Fake	0.10^c	0.11^c	0.01	0.15^c	0.13^c	0.11^c	0.12^c
Real	− 0.01	− 0.03	0.04^a	− 0.02	− 0.02	0.003	0.003
Discernment	− 0.10^b	− 0.14^c	0.03	− 0.17^c	− 0.15^c	− 0.11^c	− 0.11^c

	Jittery	Nervous	Ashamed	Hostile	Guilty	Irritable	Positive	Negative
Fake	0.11^c	0.10^c	0.12^c	0.15^c	0.09^c	0.11^c	0.13^c	0.17^c
Real	− 0.01	− 0.01	− 0.03	− 0.01	− 0.02	− 0.001	0.01	− 0.02
Discernment	− 0.13^c	− 0.11^b	− 0.15^c	− 0.16^c	− 0.11^b	− 0.11^b	− 0.12^c	− 0.18^c

Fixed effects in model include PANAS item score, type of news headline, and interaction between PANAS score and type of news headline. Random effects include random intercepts for headline items and participants and by-item random slopes for PANAS scores and by-participant random slopes for type of news headline effects
^ap < 0.05
^bp < 0.01
^cp < 0.001