Spatial activity participation in childhood and adolescence: consistency and relations to spatial thinking in adolescence

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Table 1 Bivariate correlations for spatial activities, spatial thinking measures, and covariates

	N	Mean	Male	Female	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. CAQ	345	41.73 (9.94)	45.74^a (10.29)	38.95 ^a (8.70)	1
2. SAQ-Overall	345	50.84 (12.43)	49.26 (11.17)	51.93 (13.15)	0.39**	1
3. SAQ-Masculine	345	15.31 (5.33)	17.77 ^b (6.30)	13.61 ^b (3.70)	0.51**	0.64**	1
4. SAQ-Feminine	345	14.21 (5.23)	11.30 ^c (2.13)	16.21 ^c (5.78)	0.09	0.72**	0.11	1
5. SAQ-Neutral	345	21.36 (6.16)	20.21 (5.55)	22.16 (6.43)	0.27**	0.85**	0.33**	0.52**	1
6. Paper Folding	341	11.12 (4.20)	11.71 (4.16)	10.72 (4.18)	0.08	0.10	0.07	0.06	0.10	1
7. SHOMI	346	101.94 (12.54)	104.19 (13.20)	100.40 (11.85)	0.37**	0.20*	0.24**	0.08	0.13	0.21**	1
8. PSAT	310	159.08 (24.83)	159.87 (24.91)	158.53 (24.83)	0.02	−0.06	−0.12	− 0.04	0.006	0.42**	0.17	1
9. Gender (1 = male)	346	0.41		–	0.34**	−0.11	0.39**	−0.46**	− 0.16	0.12	0.15	0.03	1
10. Race (1 = non-white)	346	0.38		–	−0.06	−0.07	− 0.14	− 0.006	− 0.008	−0.13	− 0.11	−0.19*	− 0.005	1
11. Maternal education (1 = completed college)	346	0.83		–	0.05	−0.005	−0.03	− 0.04	0.04	0.17	0.002	0.29**	0.007	−0.27**

SAQ Adolescent spatial activities questionnaire, CAQ Childhood activities questionnaire, SHOMI Spatial Habits of Mind Inventory
Note: * p ≤ .05; ** p ≤ .01 after controlling for family-wise error rates using a Bonferroni correction; Superscript letters indicate a significant mean difference by gender