Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications

Table 2 Model parameters for the best-fitting model for graph-encoding items

From: Teachers’ gestures and students’ learning: sometimes “hands off” is better

Fixed effects	Estimate	SE	z value	p
Intercept	0.95	0.76	1.24	0.21
Element	1.44	0.27	5.40	< .001
Random effects	Variance	SD
Item	0.42	0.65
Participant	1.08	1.04

Posttest ~ Element + (1|item) + (1|participant). SE standard error, SD standard deviation

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