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Table 8 Results of the statistical analyses of gender errors with old items observed in Session 2 (blocked/random-order sentence production), the first production task in Session 3 (blocked/random-order sentence production), the second production task in Session 3, and in the test session (random-order sentence production)

From: Language play facilitates language learning: Optimizing the input for gender-like category induction

 

Session 2a

Session 3 (1st)b

Session 3 (2nd)c

Session 4d

χ 2(1)

p

χ 2(1)

p

χ 2(1)

p

χ 2(1)

p

Blocking

1.75

0.186

20.99

0.001 ***

31.16

0.001 ***

21.70

0.001 ***

Rhyme

3.39

0.066 (*)

1.05

0.306

1.94

0.164

5.27

0.022 *

Melody

0.37

0.544

0.76

0.383

3.57

0.059 (*)

8.11

0.004 **

Rhyme&Melody

1.92

0.166

5.34

0.021 *

16.68

0.001 ***

27.02

0.001 ***

Blocking: Rhyme

0.13

0.722

0.84

0.359

0.72

0.395

0.42

0.516

Blocking:Melody

0.23

0.634

0.01

0.960

0.51

0.476

1.64

0.201

Blocking:Rhyme&Melody

0.31

0.580

5.33

0.021 *

3.82

0.051 (*)

6.16

0.013 *

  1. (*) p < 0.08, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
  2. a Full model’s AIC: 5090.3, BIC: 5206.6
  3. b Full model’s AIC: 4668.0, BIC: 4784.3
  4. c Full model’s AIC: 4112.3, BIC: 4228.6
  5. d Full model’s AIC: 2285.3, BIC: 2389.8